Physics Of The Periodic Table - 1506 Words

The Periodic Table Chemically speaking, the periodic table was a major factor in improving the study of elements, in which then the study of these elements expands into broader studies such as atoms and sub-atoms. This essay will talk about the history of the development of the periodic table and will further discuss the how and why it was created. Moreover, it will include the history of various chemists that contributed in the improvement of the table such as Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Moseley, Glenn T. Seaborg. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the substratum of their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and†¦show more content†¦As a result, a periodic table provides an utilizable framework for analyzing chemical manner, and so the tables, in diverse forms, are widely utilized in chemistry and other sciences. In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner commenced to formulate one of the earliest endeavours to relegate the elements. In 1829, he found that he could compose some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having cognate properties. He termed these groups as triads. Some of the triads that were relegated by Dà ¶bereiner are chlorine, bromine, and iodine, also calcium, strontium, and barium, and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium and finally lithium, sodium, and potassium. In all of the triads, the atomic weight of the middle element was virtually precisely the average of the atomic weights of the other two elements. In 1865, few years after the discovery of the triads, the English chemist John Newlands relegated the fifty-six kenned elements into eleven groups, predicated on their physical properties. Newlands noted that many pairs of like elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and he was the first to assign them an atomic number. When his law of octaves was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the

Physics Of The Periodic Table - 1506 Words

The Periodic Table Chemically speaking, the periodic table was a major factor in improving the study of elements, in which then the study of these elements expands into broader studies such as atoms and sub-atoms. This essay will talk about the history of the development of the periodic table and will further discuss the how and why it was created. Moreover, it will include the history of various chemists that contributed in the improvement of the table such as Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Moseley, Glenn T. Seaborg. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the substratum of their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and†¦show more content†¦As a result, a periodic table provides an utilizable framework for analyzing chemical manner, and so the tables, in diverse forms, are widely utilized in chemistry and other sciences. In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner commenced to formulate one of the earliest endeavours to relegate the elements. In 1829, he found that he could compose some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having cognate properties. He termed these groups as triads. Some of the triads that were relegated by Dà ¶bereiner are chlorine, bromine, and iodine, also calcium, strontium, and barium, and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium and finally lithium, sodium, and potassium. In all of the triads, the atomic weight of the middle element was virtually precisely the average of the atomic weights of the other two elements. In 1865, few years after the discovery of the triads, the English chemist John Newlands relegated the fifty-six kenned elements into eleven groups, predicated on their physical properties. Newlands noted that many pairs of like elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and he was the first to assign them an atomic number. When his law of octaves was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the

Physics Of The Periodic Table - 1506 Words

The Periodic Table Chemically speaking, the periodic table was a major factor in improving the study of elements, in which then the study of these elements expands into broader studies such as atoms and sub-atoms. This essay will talk about the history of the development of the periodic table and will further discuss the how and why it was created. Moreover, it will include the history of various chemists that contributed in the improvement of the table such as Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner, John Newlands, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Moseley, Glenn T. Seaborg. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the substratum of their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and†¦show more content†¦As a result, a periodic table provides an utilizable framework for analyzing chemical manner, and so the tables, in diverse forms, are widely utilized in chemistry and other sciences. In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dà ¶bereiner commenced to formulate one of the earliest endeavours to relegate the elements. In 1829, he found that he could compose some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having cognate properties. He termed these groups as triads. Some of the triads that were relegated by Dà ¶bereiner are chlorine, bromine, and iodine, also calcium, strontium, and barium, and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium and finally lithium, sodium, and potassium. In all of the triads, the atomic weight of the middle element was virtually precisely the average of the atomic weights of the other two elements. In 1865, few years after the discovery of the triads, the English chemist John Newlands relegated the fifty-six kenned elements into eleven groups, predicated on their physical properties. Newlands noted that many pairs of like elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and he was the first to assign them an atomic number. When his law of octaves was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the

Personal Narrative Facing Your Fears - 901 Words

Facing your fears The wheels of my almost falling apart luggage where obnoxiously squeaking as I paced down the busy and rather lengthy airport hallway. Intimidated by frequent stares and unsettled by the lingering feeling of uncertainty, I tried my best to not attract any more attention than I already was. My scrawny arms struggled to lift my grey worn out bag, and I avoided eye contact at all expenses to not feel the rapidly flourishing feeling of embarrassment and regret sitting at the pit of my stomach. If you couldn’t already tell, this was the first time I have ever proceeded to fly alone, and at the inexperienced age of 13, I wasn’t too hyped about taking that step in my life, but for some stupid reason I thought I had the balls to do it in the first place. I couldn’t help but be terrified. All my life until that very moment, most challenges and tasks are overcome with the assistance of my parents. Kids don t have to worry about booking doctors appointments, paying for socc er practice, packing their lunches, and God forbid travelling alone. This generation’s corrupted society seems to give off the impression that kids don’t need to have any responsibilities nor make the effort to become a more self-reliant individual that will sustain a promising future. Unfortunately I wasn’t much different from the rest of the crowd, since I was raised an only child and the concept of becoming an independent individual was a distant concern until that very moment. This timeShow MoreRelatedThe Hippocratic Oath, By Atul Gawande1344 Words   |  6 Pagesof practicing medicine, maintaining respect for patients, and preserving humility within themselves. Modern day practice of this oath involve patient’s stories. Rita Charon in her article â€Å"What to do with Stories? The sciences of Narrative Medicine,† explores narrative writing and how to use it as a tool in healing patients. 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It doesn t help the leader of the free world tweets leisurely while there s more pressingRead MoreCognitive Beh avioral Therapy And Narrative Therapy1706 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is going to look into two models of intervention that Ben and I think might help him cope with things going on in his every day life. The two that we have chosen are Cognitive-behavioral therapy and Narrative therapy. We will look into both of these and also as we do that we will find out what the role of the social worker is in both cases. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help you notice the discouraging thoughts that make you feel bad. These thoughts are sometimes called irrationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Dragon s Village, Things Fall Apart, And Man Of The People1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn Africa and throughout the world, many countries have been forced to undergo the plight of colonial rule. 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“Hope” Is the Thing with Feathers Emily Dickinson Free Essays

Hannah Hulvey English II Balint 22 April, 2013 â€Å"Hope† is the thing with feathers: Emily Dickinson In this poem, Emily is saying how nature is divided or basically, she employs images from nature for contrasting purposes. In this poem nature is both beneficent and destructive. The division is made between the image of the bird and the images of threatening storms and hostile environments. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Hope† Is the Thing with Feathers: Emily Dickinson or any similar topic only for you Order Now This split corresponds to a separation between inside and outside, between interior and exterior spaces. The major theme of this poem is that Dickinson is comparing the hope in the soul with a bird. The bird never stops singing. So should we keep singing our songs, our poems, our prose. Even the roughest storms can’t keep the bird from its singing. Nor should we let our own storms, our personal disappointments like deaths of family and friends, stop us. The poem uses a bird as a symbol to define the feeling that hope can give an individual. In the first stanza, Dickinson tell the reader that â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers . That perches in the soul. and sings the tune-without the words. And never stops at all. † In other words, hope is part of a spirit that lives in all of us. The uplifting feel of hope comes naturally and stays with us. A series of words in the second and third stanzas â€Å"sore,† â€Å"storm,† â€Å"chillest,† â€Å"Extremity† combine to evince a different side of nature, as dangerous and threatening. Here the sense is of an exterior space, wild and unprotected. Dickinson tells us, the tune the bird sings is â€Å"sweetest,† suggesting both that it is the most comforting thing heard amid the noise of the storm, and that, while the tune is sweet when it is heard while one is safe, it is sweetest when one is in danger. If we look at â€Å"‘Hope’ Is the Thing with Feathers† in terms of Dickinson’s life, we can perhaps read a commentary on her withdrawal from the world. Dickinson turned inward into herself and shut out the world, and she suggests that inside it is peaceful and secure, while outside it is hostile and dangerous. And how does this describe my life? How to cite â€Å"Hope† Is the Thing with Feathers: Emily Dickinson, Papers

Development of the Electric Vehicles

Question: Discuss about the Development of the Electric Vehicles. Answer: Introduction Over the long period of time the huge use of fuel results in major environmental issues such as global warming,air pollution and energy crisis. Thus, alternatively driven vehicles manufacturing provide an alternative platform for the individuals that helps in creating sustainability within the environmentand reduces the impact of climate change. Hence electric vehicle is most preferable among the alternatively driven vehicles.The big revolution in mass producing of electric vehicle came with the grace of general motor ev1 in 1961.That period of time electric vehicle were available to the resident of Los Angeles,California,Arizona throughlease contracts only(Bi, De Kleine, Keoleian, 2016). Electric vehicles are very desirable due to its economical and environmental issues. The fluctuation throughout all over the world in currency has led electric vehicle a big platform to explore reducing the import of fuel. Over the years research in battery technology lithium ion battery is more acc eptable in new model electric vehicles. History of electric cars First electric vehicle was developed in the year 1834 by Thomas Davenport.A big innovation in battery technology during the period 1890 to 1910 has led electric vehicle more expansion in the market. It is a golden era of electric vehicle and the given example carries this.IN 1900 cars made in US: 1681 Steam cars, 1575 Electric cars, 936 Gasoline cars (Goldberg et.al. 1983). The adaptability among people of electric vehicles is due to zero noise,emission and being easier to drive rather than combustion engine cars. One of the top selling electric vehiclesgo as 15 mph and as far as 40 miles on a single charge. The big drawback of electric vehicleare nonfunctional in non electrified ruralarea, such as low acceleration speed and short driving range. Electric vehicle pick time was in the early 1900, whereas its downfall also began after 1920.Thus the golden era of electric vehicle became very short(Conte, Genovese, Ortenzi, Vellucci, 2014). After 1920 the vehicle market dominated by the i nternal combustion engines (ICG) over the electric vehicles. From the late 60s and through 80s various environmental issues and the crisis of fuel provide a second wave of electric vehicles. The awareness of the negative factors due to the combustion engines related to the both economical and environmental factors has led a re- emergence of electric vehicles. In 2009 Barak Obama Government allotted $2.4 billion as a grant for researching to better technology in batteries and further providing a $7500 tax benefit for the first 200000 electric vehicles buyers (Keating, 1979). China government also takes some ambitious plans to become the leader in production and utilization around the world. In this prospect they offer subsidies up to $8800 to taxi drivers and local government agencies for buying electric vehicle and also ordered to the power grid to set up electric car charging stations in Beijing, Shanghai etc. Analysis of electric motor cars The analysis of the development of the electric vehicles is based on their comparison with the other types of cars such as the hybrid cars and the ICE cars, on the various factors such as the depreciations costs, costs related to the consumption of fuel, repairing and maintenance costs and kilometer tax. In this research study the sensitivity analysis is done on the basis of the findings from the various literatures and by conducting some random interview with the industry experts. The main intent behind performing the sensitivity analysis was to analyze the overall cost per kilometer with respect to the depreciation costs, repairing and the maintenance costs and the costs of the wheels and the fuels(Del Duce, Gauch, Althaus, 2014). The costs of the insurance, costs of the AA petrol and the costs related to the cleaning of the vehicle is considered to be stable costs. It is not possible to predict the development costs of the car taxes but as per the European Policy the development o f the taxes generally depends upon the emission of the car. As per the fuel costs the research found out that the bottom prices of the oil will be around 1.40 per litre of gasoline which is the average costs of the fuel in the year 2007. This would result in the kilometer price of 0.35. Though there are not much information that is available about the rates that are related to the H2, but as per the various research studies the current price of the hydrogen fuel will be about 0.44 and there are chances that these prices will be reduced to 0.056kWh if the hydrogen gas is produced in a decentralized manner by reforming the natural gas (Diao, Sun, Yuan, Li, Zheng, 2016). On conducting the research related to the development of the electricity prices, it was found that there is large variation which ranges from 0.22 kWh to 0.37kWh by the year 2030. It is difficult to estimate the development costs of the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles as they are not manufactured in ver y large scale and hence no proper estimation could be made about their future production numbers.Thus, this report takes into consideration that the large scale production of the electric vehicles will start by the year 2020 and the production of the hydrogen vehicles will take place on a large scale by the year 2030. When the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles will be produced on a large scale then they will converge to the price of the internal combustion engine cars. Since the batteries and the fuel cell in the electric cars and the hydrogen cars are very costly and the drive chain of the hydrogen cars is very complex thus, it can be said the costs of the hydrogen cars and the electric vehicles will be more than that of the internal combustion engines(Hellgren, 2007). Thus when the electric vehicles and the hydrogen cars are manufactured on a large scale it is estimated that the average cost of the electric vehicle per kilometer will reach around 0.34 and the per kilomet er of the hydrogen cars will reach around 0.35 by the year 2030. On doing a comparison of the drive train mechanism of the ICE, Hydrogen and the electric cars, it can be said that the possibility of wearing out in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle is very less as compared to the hydrogen cars and the internal combustion engine cars, as there are less moving components in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle. Hence it can be estimated that the maintenance of the electric vehicle will cost less when compared to the ICE cars and the cars running on hydrogen fuel. Design and technologies There is huge potential in the development of the energy, economic and the environment security of the country through the development of the electric vehicles especially the plug in electric cars, which will completely revolutionize the transportation system in the world in the coming years(Hellgren, 2007). The plugs in electric vehicle are those electric cars which generally have lithium ion batteries that can be recharged from an external electrical source like the wall sockets and the electricity which are stored in the rechargeable battery drives. The electric car generally uses the energy stored in the batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. In respect to the ICE cars the motors of the electric cars provide a clean and safe alternative. The electric vehicle generally uses the lithium ion batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. The main reason behind the use of the lithium ion battery is that it has high energy density and have longer span of li fe. Also the lithium ion batteries generally have the higher power densities with respect to the other batteries that are available. But there are high chances of the thermal breakdown and the high cost that are associated with the lithium ion batteries, thus these batteries have to be used in safe rage of temperatures and the voltage in order so that the vehicle can be operated efficiently and safely(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).Generally in the electric the 3 phase AC motor is used. The DC current generated from the lithium ion batteries is sent to the DC/SC inverter, which convert the DC current into the alternating current. The regenerative braking system is generally used in the modern electric cars where the motors can be utilized as brakes which in turn become generators that transform the motion of the vehicle into electrical energy that can be utilized to charge up the batteries of the car(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).In order to increase the efficiency of the electric vehicles it is important that the mass of the vehicle, aerodynamic resistance and the resistance due to rolling is minimized. On the other hand it is also important to maximize the efficiency of the engine motor and the transmission system. Thus, in order to reduce the cost that are associated with the expensive batteries used in the electric vehicles the efficiency of the other systems in the vehicle has to be increased. Materials and manufacturing methods The skeleton also called the space frame of the electrical car is generally made up of the aluminum so that it is strong and has light weight. Instead of steel the wheels of the electric cars are also made up of aluminum, so that the weight of the vehicle can be reduced. Magnesium is used for making the seat frames and the steering wheel. The impact resistant plastics are used to make the body of the electric vehicle. The impact resistant composite plastic that is used in the manufacturing of the body frame can be recycled. Plastic housings are used for placing the batteries in the electric vehicle. The manufacturing process of the electric vehicle gives due importance to both the design of the vehicle and the process to be utilized. The design of the vehicle generally includes handcrafting and high-tech systems (Jeong Oh, 2002). In general practices the bodies of the electric cars are handcrafted in the six different working stations. In the first step the parts of the aluminum fram e are put together as subassemblies which are either glued to each other or are welded together. After both the upper-body and down-body subassemblies are put together, the complete frame is cured in a two-stage oven. Then the roof is attached and the protective sealants are applied to the complete frame. In the assembly section the complex electronic systems are inserted into the frame of the car. It includes wiring of the body and the setting up of the power electronics bay which have the propulsion control module, integrated drive unit and a small radiator. Then in the next stage the interior of the car is outfitted, like the flooring, seats, carpeting and the control and the dash are placed in the car.In the third stage the air-conditioning system is put in place. Then the T-shaped battery pack is added to the car (Lu et al., 2016). The batteries are attached to the chassis. After the battery and the propulsion system are put in place the windshield is attached to the car and th e other fluids are added to the car. The door system and the exterior panels are added at this stage and all the systems are checked for any malfunctioning. At the final stage the alignment of the car wheels and checked and the necessary adjustments are made. Suitable specification of electric cars The technical specification of the electric car is that the electric car is generally a two door hatchback which has the seating capacity of four adults. The power of the Ac electric motor is around 19KW which produces 3750rpm and gives a torque of 53.9N-m. The battery that is used in the electric vehicle is the 48V maintenance free lithium ion battery and the steering mechanism used in the vehicle is the electric powered steering. The transmission of the vehicle is fully automatic. The front suspension is the gas filled suspension with the anti roll bar mechanism and the rear suspension is the trail link suspension in which the shock absorber is gas filled along with the coil spring over Damper and the Panhard rod(SuriOnori, 2016). The front breaks are disc break with the dimension of 215 mm x 10 mm Solid and the rear brakes are drum brakes of 180mm. The tubeless tyres will be used in the car. The dimension of the car will be around 3280 mm x 1514 mm x 1560 mm and the wheelbase of t he electric car will about 1960mm. The vehicle will have a ground clearance of 180mm and the turning radius of the vehicle will be about 3.9m. The kerb weight of the vehicle will be about 830Kgs. The Body frame of the car will be of welded tubular space frame structure and the panels and bumpers color impregnated and the dent resistance body panel. The vehicle will have the top speed about 81Km/hre and the complete range of the vehicle in one charge will be about 120Kms under city driving conditions. The car will take about 5 hours to get charge completely. Cost management Electric vehicle cost can be subdivided into two parts. one of them is capital cost and the other is long term cost. Capital cost means the purchase price of the electric vehicle, here the MSRP of the vehicle is used as the base price and the long term cost describes fueling and maintenance of the electric vehicle.For its characteristic technologies, the price of electric vehicle is higher than combustion engines cars(Xiao, Lin, Zheng, Ye, 2012). For an example the MSRP for the combustion 2014 Chevrolet Spark18 is $14,995 while the base price for the Electric Vehicle of the same car is almost double the price, at $26,685.The huge difference in price of electric vehicle due to its 21-kWh Li-ion battery pack. It is hopeful that battery price may reduce over 50% in the upcoming years. A recent report from Navigant Research suggests that prices may drop to $300/kWh by 2015, and $180/kWh by 2020 (Roth, 2004).It is very urgent to reduce the capital cost for more acceptability.Whereas capi tal cost is very high but considering the long term cost is a hopeful light to the electric vehicle. This price difference in long term cost between electric vehicle and combustion engines happens because maintenance cost is fewer than combustion engines as there are a very few parts are moving in electric vehicles than the combustion engines. Maintenance requirements The main advantage of the electric vehicle is that the moving parts in the electric vehicle are very less as compared to the ICE cars.Thus, there will less chances of wearing out cases. The motor of the electric motor generally have just 15-20 moving parts on the contrary the ICE car engines have more than 100 moving parts. Thus, it can be concluded that the motor car is simple and can be easily maintained or replaced. As per the various estimates the cost of the maintenance of the electric vehicle will be just one third to that of the conventional ICE cars. But one of the main area which is needed to be taken into consideration for the maintenance of the electric car is the battery used in the car. With time the power output of the batteries used to drive the motor of the electric car reduces and this can severely affect the range of the electric vehicle. On an average the lithium ion batteries used in the electric cars can run about one lakh thousand miles. But the cost associated with the replacement of the batteries used in electric cars will be very high if there is an increase in the demand of the electric cars then large scale production of the batteries can considerably bring down the cost associated with the batteries of the electric cars. Life cycle cost/process and Recycling process Taking into consideration the total calculated costs that are related to the cot per mile of passenger cars which are run battery and the conventional ICE cars, along with the costs that are associated with the various important parameters than it can be said that the electric cars have very less life cycle cost when compared to the conventional ICE cars. The reason behind this feature is that the battery cost per mile in the electric vehicle is completely balanced lower vehicle cost per mile of the electric vehicle (Marr Walsh, 1992). Another reason can be the lower fuel consumption of the electric cars as compared to the conventional ICE cars and the either very less or no requirement of maintenance of the cars. The recycling of the batteries that are used in the electric vehicle is very much possible. About 96 percent of the materials that are used in the lead acid batteries can be recovered where as only 36% of the materials from the glass bottles is recoverable. The batteries can also be recharged and reused before they are recycled. The lithium ion batteries that are deemed unfit for use in the electric cars still have about 80 percent of their charge left which can be utilized to prop up the grid particularly in case of the sources of energy which are not steady like that of the wind and solar energy sources. Various battery recycling plants have come up in US among which TOXCO is a big player. Popular electric car manufacturer TESLA also sends its batteries to TOXCO for recycling(SuriOnori, 2016). When there are no charges are left in the batteries than the batteries are frozen in the liquid nitrogen which are so cold that the battery could not react and the batteries are then smashed into small pieces. Then the metals are separated out for their reuse. Conclusion and Recommendations If the progress in the electric cars continues as expected, then in the coming years it will be possible to have electric cars that are lightweight and have efficient electric motors. For making the electric car financially viable it will be important that the electric car fulfills all the low cost projections such that the life cycle cost associated with the electric vehicles is less as compared to the conventional electric vehicles. References Bi, Z., De Kleine, R., Keoleian, G. (2016). Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing Plug-in versus Wireless Charging for an Electric Bus System.Journal Of Industrial Ecology, n/a-n/a. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12419 Conte, M., Genovese, A., Ortenzi, F., Vellucci, F. (2014). Hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage for an electric forklift: a life-cycle cost assessment.J ApplElectrochem,44(4), 523-532. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-014-0669-z Del Duce, A., Gauch, M., Althaus, H. (2014).Electric passenger car transport and passenger car life cycle inventories in ecoinvent version 3.Int J Life Cycle Assess. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0792-4 Diao, Q., Sun, W., Yuan, X., Li, L., Zheng, Z. (2016).Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies.Applied Energy,178, 567-578.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.116 Goldberg, B., Hausser, A., Le, B. (1983).Accelerated cycle life testing of lead-acid golf car batteries and the influence of separator type on battery life, energy consumption and operating cost.Journal Of Power Sources,10(2), 137-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(83)87003-7 Hellgren, J. (2007). Life cycle cost analysis of a car, a city bus and an intercity bus powertrain for year 2005 and 2020.Energy Policy,35(1), 39-49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.10.004 Helmers, E., Dietz, J., Hartard, S. (2015). Electric car life cycle assessment based on real-world mileage and the electric conversion scenario.Int J Life Cycle Assess. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0934-3 Jeong, K. Oh, B. (2002). Fuel economy and life-cycle cost analysis of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle.Journal Of Power Sources,105(1), 58-65. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00965-x Keating, J. (1979). Design to Cost/Life Cycle Cost a Way of Life.Journal Of Cost Estimating,9(2), 40-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21649405.1979.10462454 Lu, Q., Wu, P., Shen, W., Wang, X., Zhang, B., Wang, C. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Power Battery.Materials Science Forum,847, 403-410. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.403 Marr, W. Walsh, W. (1992). Life-cycle cost evaluations of electric/hybrid vehicles.Energy Conversion And Management,33(9), 849-853. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90013-m ROTH, I. (2004). Incorporating externalities into a full cost approach to electric power generation life-cycle costing.Energy,29(12-15), 2125-2144. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.03.016 Suri, G. Onori, S. (2016). A control-oriented cycle-life model for hybrid electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries.Energy,96, 644-653. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.075 Xiao, W., Lin, Y., Zheng, X., Ye, S. (2012). Modeling the Spread of Electric Vehicles Based on Life-Cycle Cost.AMR,424-425, 146-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.146